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Levels of processing: A framework for memory research
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Depth of processing and the retention of words
SUMMARY Ten experiments were designed to explore the levels of processing framework for human memory research proposed by Craik and Lockhart (1972). The basic notions are that the episodic memory…
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Bilingualism, aging, and cognitive control: evidence from the Simon task.
TLDR
It appears, therefore, that controlled processing is carried out more effectively by bilinguals and that bilingualism helps to offset age-related losses in certain executive processes.
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A functional account of age differences in memory
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Hemispheric encoding/retrieval asymmetry in episodic memory: positron emission tomography findings.
TLDR
A hemispheric encoding/retrieval asymmetry model of prefrontal involvement in encoding and retrieval of episodic memory is proposed, which suggests that left and right prefrontal lobes are part of an extensive neuronal network that subserves episodic remembering, but the two prefrontal hemispheres play different roles.
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Cognitive control and lexical access in younger and older bilinguals.
TLDR
The confirmation of this pattern in the same participants is discussed in terms of a suggested explanation of how the need to manage 2 language systems leads to these different outcomes for cognitive and linguistic functions.
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In Search of the Self: A Positron Emission Tomography Study
Previous work using positron emission tomography (PET) has shown that memory encoding processes are associated with preferential activation of left frontal regions of the brain, whereas retrieval…
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Bilingualism: consequences for mind and brain
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The effects of divided attention on encoding and retrieval processes in human memory.
TLDR
The authors examined the effects of divided attention at encoding and retrieval in free recall, cued recall, and recognition memory in 4 experiments and found memory performance was sensitive to changes in task emphasis at encoding but not at retrieval.
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In search of the emotional self: an fMRI study using positive and negative emotional words.
TLDR
By providing a personal perspective in the evaluation of emotional stimuli, the right dorsomedial prefrontal cortex may mediate cognitive processes, such as those involved in psychotherapy, that guide self-regulation of emotional experience.
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