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Hypothalamic regulation of sleep and circadian rhythms

These findings explain how various drugs affect sleep and wakefulness, and provide the basis for a wide range of environmental influences to shape wake–sleep cycles into the optimal pattern for survival.
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Differential expression of orexin receptors 1 and 2 in the rat brain

The differential distribution of oxin receptors is consistent with the proposed multifaceted roles of orexin in regulating homeostasis and may explain the unique role of the OX2R receptor in regulating sleep state stability.
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Narcolepsy in orexin Knockout Mice Molecular Genetics of Sleep Regulation

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A putative flip–flop switch for control of REM sleep

A brainstem flip–flop switch is proposed, consisting of mutually inhibitory REM-off and REM-on areas in the mesopontine tegmentum that contain GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid)-ergic neurons that heavily innervate the other.
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Expression of ghrelin receptor mRNA in the rat and the mouse brain

Ghrelin is a hormone that stimulates growth hormone secretion and signals energy insufficiency via interaction with its receptor, the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR), and its distribution in the CNS, as assessed by in situ hybridization histochemistry (ISHH), has been described previously in a few mammalian species.
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The sleep switch: hypothalamic control of sleep and wakefulness

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Distributions of leptin receptor mRNA isoforms in the rat brain

The localization of leptin receptor mRNA in extrahypothalamic sites in the thalamus and cerebellum suggests that leptin may act on specific sensory and motor systems.
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Connections of the parabrachial nucleus with the nucleus of the solitary tract and the medullary reticular formation in the rat

Different functional regions of the NTS/area postrema complex and medullary reticular formation were found to innervate largely nonoverlapping zones in the PB.
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Efferent projections of the infralimbic cortex of the rat

This work has combined anterograde tracing with Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA‐L) and retrograde tracing with wheat germ aggut inin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (WGA‐HRP) to determine the efferent projections from the ILC.
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Chemically defined projections linking the mediobasal hypothalamus and the lateral hypothalamic area

Projections from populations of leptin‐responsive neurons in the mediobasal hypothalamus to MCH and ORX cells in the LHA may link peripheral metabolic cues with the cortical mantle and may play a critical role in the regulation of feeding behavior and body weight.
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