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Incidence and Economic Burden of Osteoporosis‐Related Fractures in the United States, 2005–2025

This study predicts the burden of incident osteoporosis‐related fractures and costs in the United States, by sex, age group, race/ethnicity, and fracture type, from 2005 to 2025. Total fractures were…
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Estimation of optimal serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D for multiple health outcomes.

Evidence from studies that evaluated thresholds for serum 25(OH)D concentrations in relation to bone mineral density, lower-extremity function, dental health, and risk of falls, fractures, and colorectal cancer suggests that an increase in the currently recommended intake of vitamin D is warranted.
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The role of vitamin D and calcium in type 2 diabetes. A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Evidence from trials with vitamin D and/or calcium supplementation suggests that combined Vitamin D and calcium supplementation may have a role in the prevention of type 2 DM only in populations at high risk (i.e. glucose intolerance).
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The Recent Prevalence of Osteoporosis and Low Bone Mass in the United States Based on Bone Mineral Density at the Femoral Neck or Lumbar Spine

The goal of this study was to estimate the prevalence of osteoporosis and low bone mass based on bone mineral density (BMD) at the femoral neck and the lumbar spine in adults 50 years and older in the United States, and to note that a substantial number of men and women from other racial/ethnic groups also had osteoporeotic BMD orLow bone mass.
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Effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on bone density in men and women 65 years of age or older.

In men and women 65 years of age or older who are living in the community, dietary supplementation with calcium and vitamin D moderately reduced bone loss measured in the femoral neck, spine, and total body over the three-year study period and reduced the incidence of nonvertebral fractures.
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Fracture prevention with vitamin D supplementation: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Oral vitamin D supplementation between 700 to 800IU/d appears to reduce the risk of hip and any nonvertebral fractures in ambulatory or institutionalized elderly persons and an oral vitamin D dose of 400 IU/d is not sufficient for fracture prevention.
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Estimates of optimal vitamin D status

Based on the available evidence, it is believed that if older men and women maintain serum levels of 25(OH)D that are higher than the consensus median threshold of 75 nmol/l, they will be at lower risk of fracture.
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Interim Report and Recommendations of the World Health Organization Task-Force for Osteoporosis

Harry K. Genant (Chairman) , Cyrus Cooper (Rapporteur) , Gyula Poor (Rappy) , Ian Reid (R apporteur), George Ehrlich (Editor) and Nikolai Khaltaev (WHO Secretariat) 30
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Global vitamin D status and determinants of hypovitaminosis D

A global perspective of vitamin D status across different regions of the world is provided and it is indicated that hypovitaminosis D is widespread and is re-emerging as a major health problem globally.
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Vitamin D and calcium intake in relation to type 2 diabetes in women.

The results of this large prospective study suggest a potential beneficial role for both vitamin D and calcium intake in reducing the risk of type 2 diabetes.
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