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Cytokines and pain.

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Assessing the effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) in post-thoracotomy analgesia.

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Serum cytokine levels in patients with chronic low back pain due to herniated disc: analytical cross-sectional study.

The patients with chronic low back pain due to disc herniation presented higher levels of TNF-alpha and IL-6, but not of IL-1 or sTNF-R.
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Intraoperative intravenous lidocaine.

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Review of the use of gabapentin in the control of postoperative pain.

Gabapentin, used before as well as before and after surgery, decreased pain severity and the need of analgesic supplementation.
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Effects of Preoperative Intravenous Clonidine in Patients Undergoing Cataract Surgery: A Double-Blind, Randomized Trial

Clonidine (4 µg/kg) before a phacoemulsification reduced the intensity of pain during cataract surgery and induced sedation, reduction of BP, HR, and incidence of arrhythmia at the end of the surgery, and did not alter myocardial ischemia.
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Effect of intraoperative intravenous lidocaine on pain and plasma interleukin-6 in patients undergoing hysterectomy

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Analgesia Preemptiva * Preemptive Analgesia

Justificativa e Objetivos O controle da dor pós-operatória tem sido muito investigado nas últimas décadas, quando se verificou que a analgesia pós-operatória era inadequada. O termo “preemptiva”…

Preemptive analgesia with epidural bupivacaine plus fentanyl in gynaecological surgery—effects on serum interleukin-6 concentrations

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Assessment of the effect of ketamine in combination with remifentanil on postoperative pain.

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