Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: the implicit association test.
- A. Greenwald, D. McGhee, J. L. Schwartz
- PsychologyJournal of Personality and Social Psychology
- 1 June 1998
An implicit association test (IAT) measures differential association of 2 target concepts with an attribute when instructions oblige highly associated categories to share a response key, and performance is faster than when less associated categories share a key.
Understanding and using the implicit association test: I. An improved scoring algorithm.
- A. Greenwald, Brian A. Nosek, M. Banaji
- PsychologyJournal of Personality and Social Psychology
- 1 August 2003
The best-performing measure incorporates data from the IAT's practice trials, uses a metric that is calibrated by each respondent's latency variability, and includes a latency penalty for errors, and strongly outperforms the earlier (conventional) procedure.
Implicit social cognition: attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes.
- A. Greenwald, M. Banaji
- PsychologyPsychology Review
- 1995
The present conclusion--that attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes have important implicit modes of operation--extends both the construct validity and predictive usefulness of these major theoretical constructs of social psychology.
Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: III. Meta-analysis of predictive validity.
- A. Greenwald, T. A. Poehlman, E. Uhlmann, M. Banaji
- PsychologyJournal of Personality and Social Psychology
- 29 April 2009
This review of 122 research reports found average r = .274 for prediction of behavioral, judgment, and physiological measures by Implicit Association Test (IAT) measures, which was impaired for socially sensitive topics, for which impression management may distort self-report responses.
Using the implicit association test to measure self-esteem and self-concept.
- A. Greenwald, S. Farnham
- PsychologyJournal of Personality and Social Psychology
- 2000
The Implicit Association Test was used to measure self-esteem by assessing automatic associations of self with positive or negative valence and high implicit self- esteem was associated in the predicted fashion with buffering against adverse effects of failure on two of four measures.
A unified theory of implicit attitudes, stereotypes, self-esteem, and self-concept.
- A. Greenwald, M. Banaji, L. Rudman, S. Farnham, Brian A. Nosek, Deborah S. Mellott
- PsychologyPsychology Review
- 2002
The balanced identity design is introduced as a method to test correlational predictions of the theory and revealed that predicted consistency patterns were strongly apparent in the data for implicit (IAT) measures but not in those for parallel explicit (self-report) measures.
Redefine statistical significance
- D. Benjamin, J. Berger, V. Johnson
- EconomicsNature Human Behaviour
- 2017
The default P-value threshold for statistical significance is proposed to be changed from 0.05 to 0.005 for claims of new discoveries in order to reduce uncertainty in the number of discoveries.
The Implicit Association Test at Age 7: A Methodological and Conceptual Review
- Brian A. Nosek, A. Greenwald, M. Banaji
- Psychology
- 2007
A mong earthly organisms, humans have a unique propensity to introspect or look inward into the contents of their own minds, and to share those observations with others. With the ability to…
Harvesting implicit group attitudes and beliefs from a demonstration web site
- Brian A. Nosek, M. Banaji, A. Greenwald
- Psychology
- 1 March 2002
Respondents at an Internet site completed over 600,000 tasks between October 1998 and April 2000 measuring attitudes toward and stereotypes of social groups. Their responses demonstrated, on average,…
On the malleability of automatic attitudes: combating automatic prejudice with images of admired and disliked individuals.
- N. Dasgupta, A. Greenwald
- PsychologyJournal of Personality and Social Psychology
- 1 November 2001
Two experiments examined whether exposure to pictures of admired and disliked exemplars can reduce automatic preference for White over Black Americans and younger over older people and provided a replication using automatic age-related attitudes.
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